Search any condition — by name, abbreviation, or symptom.
A searchable database of health conditions with abbreviations (afib, copd, pcos, hf), synonyms, and typo tolerance. Every entry links to structured guidance, related medications, and an adaptive assessment.
Autoimmune
Autoimmune joint inflammation — symmetrical swelling and stiffness.
Multisystem autoimmune disease with rash, joint pain and organ involvement.
Autoimmune disease causing dry eyes and dry mouth.
Inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis.
Inflammatory spinal arthritis — morning back stiffness in young adults.
Inflammation of blood vessels — many subtypes.
Multisystem inflammatory disease forming granulomas — often affecting lungs and lymph nodes.
Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder causing fluctuating weakness and ptosis.
Rare neuromuscular disorder, often paraneoplastic.
Autoimmune destruction of bile ducts in the liver.
Chronic inflammation and scarring of bile ducts.
Painful shoulder/hip stiffness in older adults — steroid responsive.
Inflammatory muscle disease with skin involvement.
Inflammatory muscle disease causing proximal weakness.
Skin and internal organ fibrosis — Raynaud's, GORD, lung involvement.
Recurrent oral and genital ulcers, eye inflammation and vasculitis.
Autoimmune clotting disorder — clots and pregnancy loss.
Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid causing hypothyroidism.
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism with eye disease.
Autoimmune beta cell destruction.
Gluten-driven autoimmune enteropathy.
Autoimmune gastritis causing B12 malabsorption.
Autoimmune depigmentation.
Autoimmune patchy hair loss.
Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors.
Inflammatory polymyalgia.
Multisystem vasculitis with oral and genital ulcers.
ANCA-associated vasculitis affecting upper airway and kidneys.
ANCA vasculitis with pulmonary-renal syndrome.
Vasculitis with asthma and eosinophilia.
Medium-vessel necrotising vasculitis.
Large-vessel vasculitis of aorta and branches.
Cardiovascular
Persistently elevated blood pressure that increases long-term cardiovascular risk.
The heart cannot pump efficiently enough to meet the body's needs.
Irregular, often rapid heart rhythm that increases stroke risk.
Narrowing of heart arteries causing chest pain or heart attack risk.
Sudden blockage of a heart artery causing muscle damage — a medical emergency.
Chest discomfort from temporarily reduced blood flow to the heart.
Sudden loss of brain function from blocked or bleeding artery.
Blood clot in a deep leg vein that can travel to the lungs.
Blood clot lodged in lung arteries — sudden breathlessness and chest pain.
Abnormal protein deposits stiffen the heart muscle causing heart failure.
Stress-induced, usually reversible weakening of the heart muscle.
Inherited electrical heart disorder increasing risk of sudden cardiac death.
Heart-rhythm disorder that can cause fainting or sudden arrhythmia.
Excessive heart-rate rise on standing causing dizziness and fatigue.
Inflammation of the sac around the heart causing sharp chest pain.
Infection of the heart valves — needs urgent assessment.
Narrowed aortic valve restricting blood flow from the heart.
Leaky mitral valve causing breathlessness and fatigue.
Narrowed leg arteries causing pain on walking.
Genetic thickening of heart muscle — leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.
Enlarged, weakened heart muscle reducing pumping efficiency.
Stiff heart muscle that fills poorly between beats.
Inherited heart muscle disease predisposing to dangerous arrhythmias.
Extra electrical pathway causing fast heart rhythms.
Sudden rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricles.
Dangerous fast rhythm from the ventricles — potentially life-threatening.
Chaotic heart rhythm causing cardiac arrest — needs immediate defibrillation.
Electrical conduction delay between atria and ventricles.
Sinus node dysfunction causing slow or alternating heart rhythms.
Bulging of the aorta — risk of rupture.
Tear within the aortic wall — surgical emergency with sudden tearing chest/back pain.
Cold-triggered finger/toe vasospasm — colour change and pain.
Dilated superficial leg veins — aching, swelling, sometimes ulceration.
High pressure in the lung arteries — progressive breathlessness, right-heart strain.
Heart valve damage following rheumatic fever.
Enlarged, weakened heart muscle reducing pumping efficiency.
Thickened heart muscle that can obstruct blood flow and cause arrhythmia.
Stiff heart muscle impairing filling between beats.
Inherited muscle disorder of the right ventricle causing arrhythmias.
Sudden rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricles.
Fast heart rhythm from the ventricles — can be life-threatening.
Chaotic ventricular rhythm causing cardiac arrest.
Extra electrical pathway in the heart causing tachycardia.
Organised rapid atrial rhythm related to atrial fibrillation.
Slow electrical conduction through the AV node.
Partial block of electrical signals to the ventricles.
Complete block of atrial-to-ventricular conduction — needs pacemaker.
Leaky tricuspid valve causing right-sided congestion.
Poor venous return causing leg swelling and skin changes.
Episodic vasospasm causing pale, cold fingers and toes.
Smoking-related inflammation of small/medium arteries causing limb ischaemia.
Common faint from sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure.
Drop in blood pressure on standing causing dizziness.
Sudden loss of heart function — needs immediate CPR and defibrillation.
Bulging mitral valve leaflets causing click-murmur and sometimes leakage.
Narrowed mitral valve restricting blood flow into the left ventricle.
Narrowed pulmonary valve obstructing flow to the lungs.
Narrowed tricuspid valve impairing right heart filling.
Hole between the upper chambers of the heart.
Hole between the lower chambers of the heart.
Persistent fetal opening between the atria, often incidental.
Congenital combination of four cardiac defects causing cyanosis.
Congenital narrowing of the aorta causing hypertension.
Persistent fetal vessel between aorta and pulmonary artery.
Right heart failure due to chronic lung disease.
Severe heart pump failure causing organ hypoperfusion.
Inflammation of the heart muscle, often viral.
Fluid around the heart compressing it — emergency.
Elevated blood cholesterol or triglycerides increasing CV risk.
Inherited very high LDL cholesterol with premature heart disease risk.
Severely elevated BP with end-organ damage — emergency.
Narrowed neck arteries supplying the brain — stroke risk.
Narrowed kidney arteries causing resistant hypertension.
Reverse blood flow in the vertebral artery from subclavian stenosis.
Dermatological
Chronic immune-driven skin disease with scaly plaques.
Chronic itchy inflammatory skin condition.
Common skin condition with comedones, pustules and inflammation.
Facial flushing, redness and pustules — typically in adults.
Reactivation of chickenpox virus — painful one-sided blistering rash.
Bacterial skin infection causing spreading redness, warmth and pain.
Itchy raised wheals — acute or chronic.
Autoimmune loss of skin pigmentation in patches.
Autoimmune patchy hair loss.
Sun-damage skin lesions that can progress to skin cancer.
Flaky, red, oily rash — scalp dandruff, face folds.
Viral skin infection causing umbilicated papules.
Fungal skin infection — ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch.
Intensely itchy mite infestation, worse at night.
Chronic itchy inflammatory skin condition.
Rash from skin contact with irritant or allergen.
Greasy scaly rash on scalp/face from yeast overgrowth.
Pilosebaceous inflammation causing comedones and pustules.
Painful recurrent abscesses in skin-fold areas.
Deep tissue swelling, often face or airway.
Superficial bacterial skin infection with sharp borders.
Highly contagious superficial skin infection in children.
Infection or inflammation of hair follicles.
Deep follicular abscess from S. aureus.
Ringworm — fungal infection of body skin.
Athlete's foot — fungal infection of the feet.
Jock itch — fungal infection of the groin.
Fungal infection of the scalp, usually in children.
Fungal nail infection causing thickening and discolouration.
Pediculus humanus capitis infestation.
HPV skin lesions — common, plantar, flat.
HSV-1 vesicles around the lips.
Self-limiting rash with herald patch on the trunk.
Yeast infection causing pale or dark patches.
Purple polygonal itchy papules, often on wrists.
Hormonal facial pigmentation, common in pregnancy.
Male/female pattern hair loss.
Diffuse hair shedding after illness or stress.
Benign warty pigmented skin growths in older adults.
Autoimmune blistering with painful erosions.
Subepidermal blistering disease in older adults.
Skin breakdown over bony prominences from pressure.
Endocrine
Chronic high blood glucose from insulin resistance.
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells — lifelong insulin needed.
Glucose intolerance arising during pregnancy.
Underactive thyroid causing fatigue, weight gain and cold intolerance.
Overactive thyroid causing palpitations, weight loss and anxiety.
Excess cortisol causing weight gain, high BP and skin changes.
Primary adrenal insufficiency — fatigue, low BP, pigmentation.
Cluster of risk factors raising heart, stroke and diabetes risk.
Reduced bone density increasing fracture risk.
Life-threatening complication of diabetes — high glucose with ketones and acidosis.
Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis — typical of older type 2 diabetes.
Glucose higher than normal but not diabetes — reversible with lifestyle.
Overactive parathyroid glands raising calcium and weakening bones.
Low parathyroid hormone causing low calcium — tingling, cramps.
Adrenal tumour secreting catecholamines — headaches, sweats, paroxysmal hypertension.
Adult growth-hormone excess causing enlarged hands, feet and facial features.
Pituitary tumour secreting prolactin — milk discharge, infertility.
Inability to concentrate urine — large dilute urine volumes and thirst.
Excess ADH causes water retention and low sodium.
Lump in the thyroid gland — usually benign but needs assessment.
Severe hyperglycaemia with dehydration, more common in T2DM.
Low blood glucose causing sweating, tremor and confusion.
Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Excess cortisol causing weight gain, hypertension and skin changes.
Primary adrenal insufficiency causing fatigue and low BP.
Adrenal overproduction of aldosterone causing resistant hypertension.
Pituitary growth hormone excess in childhood.
Benign tumour of the pituitary gland.
Hormonal disorder with irregular periods, androgen excess and metabolic risk.
Excess adiposity with health consequences (BMI ≥30).
Low vitamin D causing bone pain and weakness.
Low B12 causing anaemia and neurological symptoms.
Low body iron causing fatigue and microcytic anaemia.
High blood calcium causing fatigue, confusion and kidney stones.
Low blood calcium causing cramps and tingling.
High blood potassium with arrhythmia risk.
Low blood potassium causing weakness and arrhythmias.
Low blood sodium causing confusion and seizures.
High blood sodium from dehydration.
Calcium pyrophosphate crystal arthritis.
ENT / Eye
Middle-ear infection — ear pain and fever, common in children.
Inflammation of the sinuses — facial pain, congestion, post-nasal drip.
Sore throat — viral most common, sometimes bacterial.
Inflammation of the conjunctiva — red, sticky or itchy eye.
Optic-nerve damage usually linked to raised eye pressure.
Progressive central vision loss — dry and wet types.
Cloudy lens — gradual vision loss, treated with surgery.
Retina separates — flashes, floaters, curtain of vision loss. Emergency.
Diabetes-related retinal damage — leading cause of blindness in working-age adults.
Inner ear disorder — vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, fullness.
Ringing or buzzing in the ears without external source.
Hearing loss from inner-ear or nerve damage.
Nosebleed — usually anterior and self-limiting.
Inflammation of the tonsils, usually viral, sometimes streptococcal.
Inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness.
Nasal inflammation — allergic or non-allergic.
Soft growths in the nasal lining.
Conductive or sensorineural reduction in hearing.
Ear wax blockage causing hearing loss.
Poor middle ear ventilation causing fullness and pain.
Temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction.
External eyelid follicle infection.
Blocked meibomian gland causing eyelid cyst.
Chronic eyelid margin inflammation.
Insufficient tear film causing irritation.
Inflammation of the middle eye layer.
Inflammation of the iris — painful red eye.
Chronic optic neuropathy from elevated intraocular pressure.
Acute angle closure — emergency painful red eye.
Inflammation of the optic nerve.
Misaligned eyes (squint).
Reduced vision in a structurally normal eye (lazy eye).
Cone-shaped distortion of the cornea.
Scratch on the cornea causing pain and tearing.
Migraine with prominent vertigo.
Gastrointestinal
Stomach acid refluxing into the oesophagus causing heartburn.
Ulcers in stomach or duodenum, often from H. pylori or NSAIDs.
Functional bowel disorder with pain, bloating and altered habit.
Chronic gut inflammation — Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
Autoimmune reaction to gluten causing gut damage.
Inflammation of the appendix — typically right-sided abdominal pain.
Inflamed gallbladder, often from gallstones — right upper abdominal pain.
Sudden inflammation of the pancreas — severe upper abdominal pain.
Fat accumulation in the liver linked to metabolic syndrome.
Stomach and intestinal infection — vomiting, diarrhoea, cramps.
Inflamed bowel pouches causing left lower abdominal pain.
Pre-cancerous change in lower oesophagus from chronic acid reflux.
Lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax — difficulty swallowing.
Scarring of the liver from chronic injury — ascites, jaundice, varices.
Inability to digest lactose causing bloating and diarrhoea.
Swollen anal veins causing bleeding and discomfort.
Tear in the anal lining causing sharp pain on defecation.
Delayed gastric emptying — bloating, nausea, early satiety.
Excess bacteria in small bowel causing bloating and malabsorption.
Stomach acid refluxing into the oesophagus causing heartburn.
Ulcers in stomach or duodenum, often H. pylori or NSAID-related.
Stomach bacterium causing ulcers and gastric cancer risk.
Inflammation of the stomach lining.
Functional bowel disorder with abdominal pain and altered habit.
Chronic gut inflammation — Crohn's or ulcerative colitis.
Patchy transmural gut inflammation, anywhere mouth-to-anus.
Continuous mucosal colitis starting at the rectum.
Chronic watery diarrhoea with normal-looking colon on endoscopy.
Outpouchings of the colon wall, often asymptomatic.
Autoimmune reaction to gluten damaging the small bowel.
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth causing bloating and diarrhoea.
Antibiotic-associated colitis with severe diarrhoea.
Gallstones, sometimes asymptomatic, sometimes painful.
Stones in the common bile duct causing jaundice.
Bile duct infection — fever, jaundice, RUQ pain.
Sudden pancreas inflammation with severe upper abdominal pain.
Progressive pancreatic damage with pain and malabsorption.
Stomach malignancy, often associated with H. pylori.
Cancer of the oesophagus — squamous or adenocarcinoma.
Metaplastic change of oesophageal lining from chronic reflux.
Stomach protrusion through the diaphragm causing reflux.
Allergic oesophageal inflammation causing dysphagia and food impaction.
Acute faecal-oral viral hepatitis, usually self-limiting.
Faecal-oral viral hepatitis, severe in pregnancy.
Chronic liver inflammation from autoimmunity.
Fat accumulation in the liver not due to alcohol.
Liver injury from chronic alcohol use.
Primary liver malignancy, often on cirrhosis.
Swollen anal cushions causing bleeding and itch.
Pus collection around the anus — surgical drainage.
Abnormal tract between anus and skin.
Growths in the colon — some progress to cancer.
Infrequent or difficult bowel movements.
Hard stool blocking the rectum, common in elderly.
Blockage of the small or large bowel — surgical emergency if complete.
Twisting of bowel causing obstruction and ischaemia.
Reduced blood flow to the bowel — pain out of proportion.
Bulge of bowel/omentum through the inguinal canal.
Bulge through the femoral canal — high strangulation risk.
Bulge through the umbilical ring.
Hernia at a prior surgical incision.
Benign inherited cause of mild jaundice with fasting/illness.
Haematological
Low haemoglobin from iron deficiency — fatigue, pallor.
Inherited haemoglobin disorder causing pain crises and anaemia.
Inherited disorders of haemoglobin production.
Bone marrow failure disorders predisposing to leukaemia.
Most common inherited bleeding disorder.
Autoimmune low platelet count causing bleeding.
Bone marrow makes too many red cells — clot risk.
Microcytic anaemia from iron lack.
Macrocytic anaemia from B12 deficiency.
Macrocytic anaemia from folate lack.
Normocytic anaemia from chronic illness.
Bone marrow failure with pancytopenia.
Inherited haemoglobinopathy causing vaso-occlusive crises.
Heterozygous carrier of sickle gene.
Red cell membrane defect causing haemolysis.
Bone marrow disorder producing too many red cells.
Myeloproliferative neoplasm with high platelets.
Bone marrow scarring causing pancytopenia.
Philadelphia chromosome leukaemia, treatable with TKIs.
Aggressive bone marrow malignancy.
Indolent leukaemia of mature B cells.
Most common childhood leukaemia.
Lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg cells.
Diverse group of lymphoid malignancies.
Pre-malignant paraprotein elevation.
IgM-producing lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
Autoimmune low platelets with bleeding risk.
Microangiopathy with low platelets, anaemia and organ damage.
Inherited Factor VIII deficiency causing bleeding.
Inherited Factor IX deficiency.
Most common inherited bleeding disorder.
Pathological activation of coagulation — emergency.
Immune-mediated platelet drop with paradoxical thrombosis.
Inherited thrombophilia.
Autoimmune disorder with thrombosis and pregnancy loss.
Iron overload causing organ damage.
Infectious
Viral liver infection that can become chronic.
Viral liver infection — often curable with modern antivirals.
Mosquito-borne parasitic illness — fever after travel needs urgent testing.
Mosquito-borne viral illness — high fever, severe body pain.
Chronic retroviral infection — fully manageable with modern therapy.
Tick-borne bacterial infection — early antibiotics are curative.
Highly contagious viral illness — vaccine-preventable.
Bacterial respiratory infection causing severe paroxysmal cough.
Inflammation of the meninges — bacterial form is a medical emergency.
Stomach bacterial infection causing ulcers and stomach cancer risk.
Reactivation of varicella — painful dermatomal rash.
EBV infection — sore throat, fatigue, swollen glands.
Common virus, often asymptomatic — serious in immunosuppressed.
Sexually transmitted bacterial infection — staged presentation.
Sexually transmitted bacterial infection — discharge, dysuria.
Most common bacterial STI — often asymptomatic.
Human papillomavirus — warts and cancer risk.
Viral illness with rash, fever and swollen glands.
Severe viral haemorrhagic fever.
Mosquito-borne virus — mild illness but causes birth defects.
Bacterial infection from contaminated water — flu-like to severe organ failure.
Universally fatal viral encephalitis — preventable with post-exposure prophylaxis.
Systemic Salmonella typhi infection — prolonged fever.
Severe watery diarrhoea from Vibrio cholerae.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea — recurrent, can be severe.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae STI causing discharge and pelvic pain.
Parasitic STI with discharge.
HSV-1 or HSV-2 genital ulcers.
HPV anogenital lesions.
Vaginal dysbiosis with fishy discharge.
Yeast infection of the vagina.
Candida infection of the mouth.
Mosquito-borne flavivirus infection.
Mosquito-borne flavivirus with pregnancy risks.
Mosquito-borne alphavirus with arthralgia.
Mosquito-borne haemorrhagic viral infection.
Salmonella Typhi systemic infection.
Zoonotic bacterial infection from livestock products.
Clostridium tetani neurotoxin causing muscle spasms.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae throat infection.
Paramyxovirus parotitis with orchitis risk.
German measles — mild rash, severe fetal effects.
Coxsackievirus illness in children.
Group A strep pharyngitis.
CMV — usually mild, severe in immunocompromised and fetuses.
Toxoplasma gondii parasitic infection.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin or systemic infection.
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection.
Rapidly spreading deep soft tissue infection — surgical emergency.
Life-threatening organ dysfunction from dysregulated infection response.
Men's Health
Enlarged prostate causing urinary symptoms in older men.
Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.
Prostate inflammation — pelvic pain and urinary symptoms.
Twisted testicle — surgical emergency.
Dilated scrotal veins — sometimes causes infertility.
Fluid around the testicle — usually painless swelling.
Non-cancerous prostate enlargement causing urinary symptoms.
Ejaculation occurring sooner than desired.
Low testosterone causing symptoms in males.
Inflammation of the epididymis, usually infective.
Inflammation of the testicle, often viral.
Fibrous plaques causing penile curvature.
Inability to retract the foreskin.
Retracted foreskin trapped behind the glans — emergency.
Inflammation of the glans penis.
Failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of trying.
Benign enlargement of male breast tissue.
Mental Health
Persistent low mood and loss of interest affecting daily life.
Persistent excessive worry that interferes with daily life.
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks with avoidance.
Persistent reactions to a traumatic event — flashbacks, hyperarousal.
Intrusive thoughts and compulsive rituals causing distress.
Mood episodes alternating between depression and mania/hypomania.
Persistent inattention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity.
Anorexia, bulimia and binge-eating disorder.
Chronic psychotic disorder with hallucinations, delusions and disorganised thought.
Mood symptoms with psychotic features.
Pervasive instability of mood, identity and relationships.
Neurodevelopmental condition affecting social communication and behaviour.
Problematic use of alcohol or drugs affecting daily life.
Persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Intense fear of social situations and judgement.
Severe mood symptoms in the luteal phase of menstrual cycle.
Chronic excessive worry about many areas of life.
Fear of negative evaluation in social situations.
Intense fear of a specific object or situation.
Intrusive thoughts and repetitive rituals.
Symptoms following exposure to a traumatic event.
PTSD from prolonged trauma with emotion-regulation difficulties.
Persistent low mood with anhedonia and biological symptoms.
Chronic low-grade depression over years.
Mood disorder with mania and depression.
Mood disorder with hypomania and depression.
Mild chronic mood swings without full bipolar episodes.
Depression after childbirth requiring assessment.
Combined mood and psychotic symptoms.
First-episode or brief psychotic disorder needing rapid review.
Lifelong neurodevelopmental condition affecting communication.
Restricted eating with weight loss and body image distortion.
Binge eating with compensatory behaviours.
Recurrent binge eating without purging.
Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder.
Emotional dysregulation and unstable relationships.
Pattern of grandiosity and lack of empathy.
Pattern of disregard for others' rights.
Problematic pattern of alcohol use with dependence.
Compulsive opioid use causing harm.
Tobacco/nicotine addiction.
Problematic cannabis use with dependence.
Pathological gambling behaviour.
Emotional symptoms reacting to a stressor.
Preoccupation with perceived defects in appearance.
Difficulty discarding possessions causing clutter and distress.
Tic disorder with motor and vocal tics.
Use of multiple medications with interaction risk.
Musculoskeletal
Wear-related joint disease — pain, stiffness, reduced function.
Urate crystal joint inflammation — sudden severe attacks.
Most common cause of back pain — usually self-limiting.
Nerve-root pain radiating down the leg, often from disc prolapse.
Widespread pain with fatigue and sleep disturbance.
Median nerve compression at the wrist — hand numbness and pain.
Painful tendinopathy at the outer elbow.
Painful tendinopathy at the inner elbow.
Shoulder pain and weakness from rotator cuff injury.
Painful, stiff shoulder with progressive loss of motion.
Heel pain from inflammation of the plantar fascia.
Pain and stiffness in the Achilles tendon.
Cartilage tear in the knee — pain, swelling, catching.
Knee instability and effusion after twisting injury.
Post-infectious arthritis (Reiter's syndrome).
Chronic childhood arthritis.
Joint infection — emergency to prevent destruction.
Mildly low bone density, intermediate risk.
Bone softening from vitamin D deficiency in adults.
Bone deformity in children from vitamin D deficiency.
Disordered bone remodelling causing pain and deformity.
Bone infection, acute or chronic.
Large-vessel vasculitis with headache and vision risk.
Multisystem autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune disease with dry eyes and dry mouth.
Autoimmune disease causing skin and organ fibrosis.
Overlap autoimmune syndrome with features of SLE, scleroderma and myositis.
Tear of shoulder tendons causing pain and weakness.
Shoulder stiffness from joint capsule inflammation.
Painful pinching of rotator cuff tendons.
Medial epicondylitis — pain on the inside of the elbow.
Painful tendons at the base of the thumb.
Snapping flexor tendon causing finger locking.
Thickening of palmar fascia causing finger contracture.
Hallux valgus — deviation of the big toe.
Disc prolapse compressing nerve roots — causes sciatica.
Narrowed spinal canal causing claudication-like leg pain.
Pinched nerve in the neck causing arm pain.
Compression of nerve roots — emergency with leg weakness and incontinence.
Neck strain from rapid acceleration-deceleration.
Sideways curvature of the spine.
Excessive forward curvature of the upper spine.
Slippage of one vertebra over another.
Inflamed bursa causing joint-area pain and swelling.
Break in the upper femur, common in elderly falls.
High pressure in a muscle compartment — surgical emergency.
Muscle breakdown releasing myoglobin — kidney injury risk.
Multisystem decline reducing reserve and increasing adverse outcomes.
Recurrent falls with multifactorial causes.
Neurological
Recurrent, disabling headaches with sensory sensitivity.
Common band-like pressure headache from muscle tension or stress.
Severe, one-sided headaches occurring in clusters over weeks.
Tendency to recurrent unprovoked seizures.
Progressive movement disorder with tremor, stiffness and slowness.
Most common form of dementia causing progressive memory loss.
Autoimmune attack on the central nervous system myelin.
Sudden one-sided facial weakness from facial nerve inflammation.
Severe stabbing facial pain triggered by light touch or movement.
Mild traumatic brain injury — headache, confusion, dizziness.
Spinning sensation usually from inner ear problem.
Acute ascending weakness — usually after infection. Medical emergency.
Progressive motor neuron disease causing muscle weakness.
Persistent debilitating fatigue not relieved by rest — post-exertional malaise.
Excessive daytime sleepiness with sudden sleep attacks and cataplexy.
Uncomfortable leg sensations relieved by movement, worse at night.
Common action tremor — usually familial.
Sustained muscle contractions causing twisting postures.
Inflammation of the brain — fever, confusion, seizures.
Bleeding around the brain — thunderclap headache, neurological symptoms.
Bleeding between the brain and dura — common after head injury in older adults.
Gait, cognitive and bladder symptoms from abnormal CSF dynamics.
Dementia with fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations and parkinsonism.
Cognitive decline from cerebrovascular disease — stepwise progression.
Dementia primarily affecting behavior or language.
Damage to peripheral nerves — numbness, burning, weakness.
Seizure starting in one brain region.
Whole-brain seizure with stiffening and jerking.
Brief loss of awareness, often in children.
Prolonged or repeated seizures — emergency.
Progressive movement disorder with tremor, stiffness and slowness.
Progressive degeneration of motor neurons (ALS).
Acute autoimmune polyneuropathy causing ascending weakness.
Sudden unilateral facial nerve weakness.
Sensory disturbance in the trigeminal distribution.
Damage to peripheral nerves causing numbness or weakness.
Nerve damage from diabetes, typically distal symmetric.
Median nerve compression at the wrist causing hand numbness.
Ulnar nerve compression at the elbow.
Uncomfortable urge to move the legs, worse at rest.
Inherited neurodegeneration causing chorea and cognitive decline.
Most common cause of dementia, progressive memory loss.
Cognitive decline beyond ageing but not dementia.
Sudden temporary loss of memory formation.
Brain injury from external force, ranging mild to severe.
Bleeding into the subarachnoid space — thunderclap headache.
Blood between dura and brain, often after falls in elderly.
Arterial bleed between skull and dura — emergency.
Bleeding within the brain parenchyma.
Focal pus collection in the brain.
Raised intracranial pressure of unknown cause — vision risk.
Excess CSF causing raised pressure in the brain.
Brief positional vertigo from displaced otoliths.
Episodic vertigo, hearing loss and tinnitus.
Acute inner ear inflammation causing prolonged vertigo.
Acute confusional state, fluctuating, often reversible.
Oncology
Cancer of the lymphatic system — Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin types.
Most common cancer in women — outcomes excellent with early detection.
Cancer of the colon or rectum — screening saves lives.
Most commonly smoking-related; persistent cough or weight loss are warning signs.
Most common cancer in men — often slow-growing.
Dangerous skin cancer — changing or unusual mole is a warning sign.
Asbestos-related cancer of the lung lining.
Cancer arising in the thyroid — generally treatable.
Most common skin cancer — locally invasive, rarely metastasises.
Skin cancer with risk of spread if neglected.
Cancer arising in the ovary — often vague abdominal symptoms.
HPV-driven cancer of the cervix — preventable with screening and vaccination.
Cancer of the uterine lining — postmenopausal bleeding key symptom.
Most common cancer in young men — highly curable.
Cancer of blood-forming cells — acute and chronic types.
Cancer of plasma cells — bone pain, fractures, kidney issues.
Aggressive cancer of the pancreas — often late presentation.
Liver cancer — usually arising on cirrhosis.
Cancer of the oesophagus — progressive swallowing difficulty.
Cancer of the stomach — vague upper-GI symptoms.
Cancer arising in the bladder lining — painless haematuria.
Most common kidney cancer — often found incidentally.
Primary or metastatic tumour in the brain — headaches, deficits, seizures.
BCC and SCC — sun-related skin cancers.
Cancers of mouth, throat, larynx and salivary glands.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth.
Most common thyroid cancer with good prognosis.
Aggressive high-grade glioma.
ALL most common, AML less so.
Childhood cancer of sympathetic nervous system.
Connective tissue malignancy.
Paediatric
Viral upper-airway illness causing barking cough in young children.
Common viral lower-airway infection in babies — RSV typical.
Common childhood viral illness with mouth ulcers and palm/sole rash.
Childhood vasculitis with prolonged fever — needs urgent specialist care.
Childhood viral illness with itchy vesicular rash.
Strep throat with characteristic sandpaper rash.
Parvovirus B19 — slapped-cheek rash in children.
High fever followed by trunk rash in infants.
Bowel telescopes into itself — currant jelly stools in infants.
Projectile vomiting in young infants from gastric outlet obstruction.
Outer ear canal infection.
IgA vasculitis with rash, arthritis and nephritis.
Seizure with fever in young children.
Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis.
Irritant or candidal diaper dermatitis.
Excessive infant crying without identifiable cause.
Common physiological infant regurgitation.
Inadequate growth in infants/children.
Lag in achieving developmental milestones.
Enterobius pinworm infection causing anal itch.
Parvovirus B19 illness.
Hard infrequent stools common in toilet-training age.
Bedwetting beyond expected age.
Faecal soiling in children, usually with constipation.
Inattentive presentation of ADHD in childhood.
Excess weight in children with health risks.
Movement disorder from early brain injury.
Rare / Genetic
Inherited connective-tissue disorder with aortic and skeletal complications.
Inherited connective-tissue disorders with joint hypermobility and fragile tissues.
Inherited disease affecting lungs and digestion through abnormal mucus.
Inherited progressive movement and cognitive disorder.
Copper accumulation causing liver and neurological symptoms.
Iron overload causing liver, joint and pancreas damage.
Inherited disease with progressive cysts replacing normal kidney tissue.
Trisomy 21 — characteristic features and associated medical conditions.
Neural tube defect — spinal cord development abnormality.
Inherited clotting factor deficiency causing bleeding.
Inherited enzyme deficiency causing haemolysis with certain drugs and foods.
Inherited cause of early-onset emphysema and liver disease.
Inherited metabolic disease requiring dietary phenylalanine restriction.
Lysosomal storage disease causing pain, kidney and heart disease.
Lysosomal storage disease — bone, spleen and blood issues.
Group of disorders of haem synthesis — acute attacks or skin photosensitivity.
Misfolded proteins deposit in organs causing dysfunction.
Group of inherited muscle-wasting disorders.
Multisystem genetic disorder causing benign tumours.
Inherited connective tissue disorder with joint hypermobility.
Inherited disorder with café-au-lait spots and neurofibromas.
Autosomal dominant CAG-repeat neurodegeneration.
Inherited cause of intellectual disability.
45,X chromosome disorder in females.
47,XXY chromosome disorder in males.
Inherited haemoglobin disorder.
CFTR mutation causing multisystem disease.
Copper accumulation causing liver and neurological disease.
HFE-related iron overload.
Inherited deficiency with emphysema and liver disease.
Renal
Gradual loss of kidney function over months to years.
Rapid drop in kidney function — needs urgent assessment.
Hard mineral deposits causing severe flank pain.
Bacterial infection of the bladder or kidneys.
Heavy protein loss in urine — swelling, low albumin.
Most common glomerulonephritis — blood in urine after infections.
Involuntary loss of urine — stress, urge, or overflow.
Chronic bladder pain syndrome.
Glomerular inflammation with haematuria, hypertension and oedema.
Inflammation of the kidney filtering units.
Common adult cause of nephrotic syndrome.
Scarring in some glomeruli causing proteinuria.
Kidney damage from diabetes — leading cause of dialysis.
Kidney damage from chronic hypertension.
Bacterial infection of bladder, urethra or kidneys.
Kidney infection with fever, flank pain and dysuria.
Most common kidney cancer in adults.
Childhood kidney cancer (nephroblastoma).
Urinary urgency and frequency without infection.
Leakage on cough/sneeze from pelvic floor weakness.
Leakage with urgent need to urinate.
Defect in renal acid handling causing metabolic acidosis.
Kidney unresponsive to ADH causing excessive urination.
Respiratory
Reversible airway inflammation causing wheeze, cough and breathlessness.
Progressive, usually smoking-related lung disease with chronic breathlessness.
Infection of the lung tissue causing cough, fever and breathlessness.
Inflammation of large airways causing cough, often after a viral illness.
SARS-CoV-2 infection ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe pneumonia.
Seasonal viral illness with fever, body aches and cough.
Bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs — chronic cough, weight loss.
Permanently widened airways causing chronic productive cough and infections.
Progressive scarring of the lungs causing breathlessness.
Repeated airway collapse during sleep causing snoring and daytime fatigue.
Allergy-driven nasal inflammation — sneezing, congestion, itchy eyes.
Fluid build-up between the lungs and chest wall.
Collapsed lung from air in the pleural space.
Lung infection acquired outside hospital settings.
Lung infection from inhaled food, fluid or saliva.
Common viral chest infection — serious in infants and older adults.
Paradoxical vocal cord movement mimicking asthma.
Short-lived viral airway inflammation causing productive cough.
Productive cough most days for 3 months over 2 years — a COPD subtype.
Destruction of alveolar walls causing breathlessness — a COPD subtype.
Bordetella pertussis infection causing paroxysmal cough.
Persistent symptoms more than 12 weeks after acute COVID-19.
Breathing pauses from absent respiratory effort during sleep.
Common viral cause of bronchiolitis in infants and elderly.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis with sneezing, itchy eyes and congestion.
Severe allergic reaction with airway, breathing and circulation compromise.
Allergic lung inflammation from inhaled antigens.
Partial or complete collapse of lung tissue.
Severe lung injury causing hypoxaemic respiratory failure.
Women's Health
Hormonal disorder causing irregular periods, acne and metabolic risk.
Uterine-like tissue outside the uterus causing pelvic pain and infertility.
Benign uterine muscle tumours causing heavy periods.
Natural end of menstruation — hot flushes, mood and sleep changes.
High BP and organ stress in pregnancy — urgent obstetric review needed.
Fluid-filled sac on or in the ovary — usually benign.
Pregnancy outside the uterus — life-threatening emergency.
Pregnancy loss before 20 weeks.
Severe pregnancy vomiting causing dehydration and weight loss.
High blood pressure arising in pregnancy.
Upper genital tract infection — pelvic pain and fertility risk.
Breast inflammation, often during breastfeeding.
Endometrial tissue within the uterine muscle.
Benign smooth muscle tumours of the uterus.
Heavy menstrual bleeding.
Painful menstrual periods.
Absence of menstrual periods.
Cyclical mood and physical symptoms before menstruation.
Transition years to menopause with irregular cycles.
Chronic vulval pain without identifiable cause.
Involuntary pelvic floor spasm preventing penetration.
Descent of pelvic organs through vaginal walls.
Pus collection in breast tissue.
Benign breast lump common in young women.
Benign nodular breast tissue changes.
Pregnancy hypertension with proteinuria — needs urgent care.
Seizures complicating pre-eclampsia — emergency.
Placenta covering the cervix, causing bleeding.
Placenta separates from the uterus prematurely.
Excessive bleeding after delivery.
Severe mental illness within weeks of delivery — emergency.
Repeated urinary infections needing prevention strategy.
Human papillomavirus — cervical cancer link, vaccine-preventable.